The friction theory and friction coefficients at different conditions for various of materials like ice, aluminum, steel, graphite and other common materials and materials combinations
Listerine Zero (Mouthwash): 2.1 out of 5 stars from 7 genuine reviews on Australia's largest opinion site ProductReview.com.au. Listerine Listerine 5 out of 5 stars 2 $6.99 $ 6. 99 Listerine Cool Mint Antiseptic Mouthwash for Bad Breath, Travel Size 3.2 oz - Pack of 12 4.8 out of 5 stars 70.
The friction force is the force exerted by a surface when an object moves across it - or makes an effort to move across it.
- A car with mass 2000 kg drives with speed 100 km/h on a wet road with friction coefficient 0.2. The friction work required to stop the car is equal to the kinetic energy of the car.
- Nature Made vitamins and supplements help you improve your health one good habit at a time. Find Nature Made vitamins, minerals and more at CVS.com.
- Use after brushing teeth with toothpaste. Adults and children 12 years and older: Rinse full strength with 20 mL for 30 seconds twice a day. Children 6 to 11 years: Rinse with 10 mL for 30 seconds twice a day.
The frictional force can be expressed as https://truegload251.weebly.com/leo-gambling-horoscope.html.
Ff = μ N (1)
where
Ff = frictional force (N, lb)
μ = static (μs) or kinetic (μk) frictional coefficient
N = normal force between the surfaces (N, lb)
There are at least two types of friction forces
- kinetic (sliding) friction force- when an object moves
- static friction force - when an object makes an effort to move
For an object pulled or pushed horizontally the normal force - N - is simply the gravity force - or weight:
Snagit all in one capture. Bingo slot machine. N = Fg
= m ag (2)
where
Fg = gravity force - or weight (N, lb)
m= mass of object (kg, slugs)
ag = acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s2, 32ft/s2)
The friction force due to gravity (1) can with (2) be modified to
Ff = μ m ag (3)
Friction Force Calculator
m - mass (kg, slugs)
ag - acceleration og gravity (9.81 m/s2, 32 ft/s2)
μ - friction coefficient Nzbvortex 3 4 3 – lightweight usenet nzb download client.
Friction Coefficients for some Common Materials and Materials Combinations
Materials and Material Combinations | Surface Conditions | Frictional Coefficient | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Static - μstatic - | Kinetic (sliding) - μsliding - | |||
Aluminum | Aluminum | Clean and Dry | 1.05 - 1.35 | 1.4 |
Aluminum | Aluminum | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.3 | |
Aluminum-bronze | Steel | Clean and Dry | 0.45 | |
Aluminum | Mild Steel | Clean and Dry | 0.61 | 0.47 |
Aluminum | Snow | Wet 0oC | 0.4 | |
Aluminum | Snow | Dry 0oC | 0.35 | |
Brake material2) | Cast iron | Clean and Dry | 0.4 | |
Brake material2) | Cast iron (wet) | Clean and Dry | 0.2 | |
Brass | Steel | Clean and Dry | 0.51 | 0.44 |
Brass | Steel | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.19 | |
Brass | Steel | Castor oil | 0.11 | |
Brass | Cast Iron | Clean and Dry | 0.3 | |
Brass | Ice | Clean 0oC | 0.02 | |
Brass | Ice | Clean -80oC | 0.15 | |
Brick | Wood | Clean and Dry | 0.6 | |
Bronze | Steel | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.16 | |
Bronze | Cast Iron | Clean and Dry | 0.22 | |
Bronze - sintered | Steel | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.13 | |
Cadmium | Cadmium | Clean and Dry | 0.5 | |
Cadmium | Cadmium | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.05 | |
Cadmium | Chromium | Clean and Dry | 0.41 | |
Cadmium | Chromium | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.34 | |
Cadmium | Mild Steel | Clean and Dry | 0.46 | |
Cast Iron | Cast Iron | Clean and Dry | 1.1 | 0.15 |
Cast Iron | Cast Iron | Clean and Dry | 0.15 | |
Cast Iron | Cast Iron | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.07 | |
Cast Iron | Oak | Clean and Dry | 0.49 | |
Cast Iron | Oak | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.075 | |
Cast iron | Mild Steel | Clean and Dry | 0.4 | |
Cast iron | Mild Steel | Clean and Dry | 0.23 | |
Cast iron | Mild Steel | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.21 | 0.133 |
Car tire | Asphalt | Clean and Dry | 0.72 | |
Car tire | Grass | Clean and Dry | 0.35 | |
Carbon (hard) | Carbon | Clean and Dry | 0.16 | |
Carbon (hard) | Carbon | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.12 - 0.14 | |
Carbon | Steel | Clean and Dry | 0.14 | |
Carbon | Steel | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.11 - 0.14 | |
Chromium | Chromium | Clean and Dry | 0.41 | |
Chromium | Chromium | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.34 | |
Copper-Lead alloy | Steel | Clean and Dry | 0.22 | |
Copper | Copper | Clean and Dry | 1.6 | |
Copper | Copper | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.08 | |
Copper | Cast Iron | Clean and Dry | 1.05 | 0.29 |
Copper | Mild Steel | Clean and Dry | 0.53 | 0.36 |
Copper | Mild Steel | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.18 | |
Copper | Mild Steel | Oleic acid | 0.18 | |
Copper | Glass | Clean and Dry | 0.68 | 0.53 |
Cotton | Cotton | Threads | 0.3 | |
Diamond | Diamond | Clean and Dry | 0.1 | |
Diamond | Diamond | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.05 - 0.1 | |
Diamond | Metals | Clean and Dry | 0.1 - 0.15 | |
Diamond | Metal | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.1 | |
Garnet | Steel | Clean and Dry | 0.39 | |
Glass | Glass | Clean and Dry | 0.9 - 1.0 | 0.4 |
Glass | Glass | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.1 - 0.6 | 0.09 - 0.12 |
Glass | Metal | Clean and Dry | 0.5 - 0.7 | |
Glass | Metal | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.2 - 0.3 | |
Glass | Nickel | Clean and Dry | 0.78 | |
Glass | Nickel | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.56 | |
Graphite | Steel | Clean and Dry | 0.1 | |
Graphite | Steel | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.1 | |
Graphite | Graphite (in vacuum) | Clean and Dry | 0.5 - 0.8 | |
Graphite | Graphite | Clean and Dry | 0.1 | |
Graphite | Graphite | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.1 | |
Hemp rope | Timber | Clean and Dry | 0.5 | |
Horseshoe | Rubber | Clean and Dry | 0.68 | |
Horseshoe | Concrete | Clean and Dry | 0.58 | |
Ice | Ice | Clean 0oC | 0.1 | 0.02 |
Ice | Ice | Clean -12oC | 0.3 | 0.035 |
Ice | Ice | Clean -80oC | 0.5 | 0.09 |
Ice | Wood | Clean and Dry | 0.05 | |
Ice | Steel | Clean and Dry | 0.03 | |
Iron | Iron | Clean and Dry | 1.0 | |
Iron | Iron | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.15 - 0.20 | |
Lead | Cast Iron | Clean and Dry | 0.43 | |
Leather | Oak | Parallel to grain | 0.61 | 0.52 |
Leather | Metal | Clean and Dry | 0.4 | |
Leather | Metal | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.2 | |
Leather | Wood | Clean and Dry | 0.3 - 0.4 | |
Leather | Clean Metal | Clean and Dry | 0.6 | |
Leather | Cast Iron | Clean and Dry | 0.6 | 0.56 |
Leather fiber | Cast iron | Clean and Dry | 0.31 | |
Leather fiber | Aluminum | Clean and Dry | 0.30 | |
Magnesium | Magnesium | Clean and Dry | 0.6 | |
Magnesium | Magnesium | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.08 | |
Magnesium | Steel | Clean and Dry | 0.42 | |
Magnesium | Cast Iron | Clean and Dry | 0.25 | |
Masonry | Brick | Clean and Dry | 0.6 - 0.7 | |
Mica | Mica | Freshly cleaved | 1.0 | |
Nickel | Nickel | Clean and Dry | 0.7 - 1.1 | 0.53 |
Nickel | Nickel | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.28 | 0.12 |
Nickel | Mild Steel | Clean and Dry | 0.64 | |
Nickel | Mild Steel | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.178 | |
Nylon | Nylon | Clean and Dry | 0.15 - 0.25 | |
Nylon | Steel | Clean and Dry | 0.4 | |
Nylon | Snow | Wet 0oC | 0.4 | |
Nylon | Snow | Dry -10oC | 0.3 | |
Oak | Oak (parallel grain) | Clean and Dry | 0.62 | 0.48 |
Oak | Oak (cross grain) | Clean and Dry | 0.54 | 0.32 |
Oak | Oak (cross grain) | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.072 | |
Paper | Cast Iron | Clean and Dry | 0.20 | |
Phosphor-bronze | Steel | Clean and Dry | 0.35 | |
Platinum | Platinum | Clean and Dry | 1.2 | |
Platinum | Platinum | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.25 | |
Plexiglas | Plexiglas | Clean and Dry | 0.8 | |
Plexiglas | Plexiglas | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.8 | |
Plexiglas | Steel | Clean and Dry | 0.4 - 0.5 | |
Plexiglas | Steel | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.4 - 0.5 | |
Polystyrene | Polystyrene | Clean and Dry | 0.5 | |
Polystyrene | Polystyrene | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.5 | |
Polystyrene | Steel | Clean and Dry | 0.3 - 0.35 | |
Polystyrene | Steel | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.3 - 0.35 | |
Polyethylene | Polytehylene | Clean and Dry | 0.2 | |
Polyethylene | Steel | Clean and Dry | 0.2 | |
Polyethylene | Steel | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.2 | |
Rubber | Rubber | Clean and Dry | 1.16 | |
Rubber | Cardboard | Clean and Dry | 0.5 - 0.8 | |
Rubber | Dry Asphalt | Clean and Dry | 0.9 | 0.5 - 0.8 |
Rubber | Wet Asphalt | Clean and Dry | 0.25 - 0.75 | |
Rubber | Dry Concrete | Clean and Dry | 0.6 - 0.85 | |
Rubber | Wet Concrete | Clean and Dry | 0.45 - 0.75 | |
Silk | Silk | Clean | 0.25 | |
Silver | Silver | Clean and Dry | 1.4 | |
Silver | Silver | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.55 | |
Sapphire | Sapphire | Clean and Dry | 0.2 | |
Sapphire | Sapphire | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.2 | |
Silver | Silver | Clean and Dry | 1.4 | |
Silver | Silver | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.55 | |
Skin | Metals | Clean and Dry | 0.8 - 1.0 | |
Steel | Steel | Clean and Dry | 0.5 - 0.8 | 0.42 |
Steel | Steel | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.16 | |
Steel | Steel | Castor oil | 0.15 | 0.081 |
Steel | Steel | Stearic Acid | 0.15 | |
Steel | Steel | Light mineral oil | 0.23 | |
Steel | Steel | Lard | 0.11 | 0.084 |
Steel | Steel | Graphite | 0.058 | |
Steel | Graphite | Clean and Dry | 0.21 | |
Straw Fiber | Cast Iron | Clean and Dry | 0.26 | |
Straw Fiber | Aluminum | Clean and Dry | 0.27 | |
Tarred fiber | Cast Iron | Clean and Dry | 0.15 | |
Tarred fiber | Aluminum | Clean and Dry | 0.18 | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (Teflon) | Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) | Clean and Dry | 0.04 | 0.04 |
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) | Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.04 | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) | Steel | Clean and Dry | 0.05 - 0.2 | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) | Snow | Wet 0oC | 0.05 | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) | Snow | Dry 0oC | 0.02 | |
Tungsten Carbide | Steel | Clean and Dry | 0.4 - 0.6 | |
Tungsten Carbide | Steel | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.1 - 0.2 | |
Tungsten Carbide | Tungsten Carbide | Clean and Dry | 0.2 - 0.25 | |
Tungsten Carbide | Tungsten Carbide | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.12 | |
Tungsten Carbide | Copper | Clean and Dry | 0.35 | |
Tungsten Carbide | Iron | Clean and Dry | 0.8 | |
Tin | Cast Iron | Clean and Dry | 0.32 | |
Tire, dry | Road, dry | Clean and Dry | 1 | |
Tire, wet | Road, wet | Clean and Dry | 0.2 | |
Wax, ski | Snow | Wet 0oC | 0.1 | |
Wax, ski | Snow | Dry 0oC | 0.04 | |
Wax, ski | Snow | Dry -10oC | 0.2 | |
Wood | Clean Wood | Clean and Dry | 0.25 - 0.5 | |
Wood | Wet Wood | Clean and Dry | 0.2 | |
Wood | Clean Metal | Clean and Dry | 0.2 - 0.6 | |
Wood | Wet Metals | Clean and Dry | 0.2 | |
Wood | Stone | Clean and Dry | 0.2 - 0.4 | |
Wood | Concrete | Clean and Dry | 0.62 | |
Wood | Brick | Clean and Dry | 0.6 | |
Wood - waxed | Wet snow | Clean and Dry | 0.14 | 0.1 |
Wood - waxed | Dry snow | Clean and Dry | 0.04 | |
Zinc | Cast Iron | Clean and Dry | 0.85 | 0.21 |
Zinc | Zinc | Clean and Dry | 0.6 | |
Zinc | Zinc | Lubricated and Greasy | 0.04 |
Kinetic or sliding frictional coefficient only when there is a relative motion between the surfaces.
Note! It is commonly thought that the static coefficients of friction are higher than the dynamic or kinetic values. This is a very simplistic statement and quite misleading for brake materials. With many brake materials the dynamic coefficient of friction quoted is an 'average' value when the material is subject to a range of sliding speeds, surface pressures and most importantly operating temperatures. If the static situation is considered at the same pressure, but at ambient temperature, then the static coefficient of friction is often significantly LOWER than the average quoted dynamic value. It can be as low as 40 - 50% of the quoted dynamic value.
Kinetic (Sliding) versus Static Frictional Coefficients
Kinetic or sliding frictional coefficients are used with relative motion between objects. Static frictional coefficients are used for objects without relative motion. Note that static coefficients are somewhat higher than the kinetic or sliding coefficients. More force are required to start a motion
Listerine 0 2 Flour
Example - Friction Force
A 100 lb wooden crate is pushed across a concrete floor. The friction coefficient between the object and the surface is 0.62. The friction force can be calculated as
Ff = 0.62 (100 lb)
= 62 (lb)
- 1 lb = 0.4536 kg
Example - Car, Braking, Friction Force and Required Distance to Stop
A car with mass 2000 kg drives with speed 100 km/h on a wet road with friction coefficient 0.2.
Note! - The friction work required to stop the car is equal to the kinetic energy of the car.
The kinetic energy of the car is
Ekinetic = 1/2 m v2 (4)
where
Ekinetic = kinetic energy of the moving car (J)
m = mass (kg)
v = velocity (m/s)
Ekinetic= 1/2 (2000 kg) ((100 km/h) (1000 m/km) / (3600 s/h))2
= 771605 J
The friction work (energy) to stop the car can be expressed as
Wfriction = Ff d (5)
where
Wfriction = friction work to stop the car (J)
Ff= friction force (N)
d = braking (stopping) distance (m)
Since the kinetic energy of the car is converted to friction energy (work) - we have the expression
Ekinetic = Wfriction (6)
The friction force Ff can be calculated from (3)
Ff= μ m g
= 0.2 (2000 kg) (9.81 m/s2)
= 3924 N
The stop distance for the car can be calculated by modifying (5) to
d = Wfriction / Ff
= (771605 J) / (3924 N)
= 197 m
Note! - since the mass of the car is present on both sides of eq. 6 it cancels out. The stop distance is not dependent on the mass of the car.
'Laws of Friction'
Unlubricated Dry Surfaces
- for low pressure the friction is proportional to the normal force between the surfaces. With rising pressure the friction will not rise proportionally. With extreme pressure friction will rise and surfaces seize.
- at moderate pressure the friction force - and coefficient - is not dependent of the surface areas in contact as long as the normal force is the same. With extreme pressure friction will rice and surfaces seize.
- at very low velocity between the surfaces the friction is independent of the velocity of rubbing. With increased velocity the the friction decrease.
Lubricated Surfaces
- friction force is almost independent of pressure - normal force - if the surfaces are flooded with lubricant
- friction varies with speed at low pressure. At higher pressure the minimum friction is at velocity 2 ft/s (0.7 m/s) and friction increases with approximately square root of velocity afterwards.
- friction varies with temperature
- for well lubricated surfaces the friction is almost independent of surface material
Typically steel on steel dry static friction coefficient 0.8 drops to 0.4 when sliding is initiated - and steel on steel lubricated static friction coefficient 0.16 drops to 0.04 when sliding is initiated.
Related Topics
- Miscellaneous - Engineering related topics like Beaufort Wind Scale, CE-marking, drawing standards and more
- Mechanics - Forces, acceleration, displacement, vectors, motion, momentum, energy of objects and more
Related Documents
- Bollard Force - Rope friction around a pole - load and effort force in rope around a bollard
- Car - Traction Force - Adhesion and tractive effort
- Disk Brakes - Force and Torque - Force and torque by activated disk brakes
- Drag Coefficient - The drag coefficient of an object in a moving fluid influence drag force
- Efficiency of Small Machine Elements - Friction and efficiency in bearings and roller chains
- Force acting on Body Moving in Horizontal Plane - The force acting on a body moved in the horizontal plane
- Forces Acting on Body Moving on an Inclined Plane - Required force to move a body up an inclined plane
- Grease Temperature Limits - Grease is a combination of oil and thickener
- Ice - Thermal Properties - Thermal and thermodynamic properties of ice - density, thermal conductivity and specific heat at temperatures from 0 to -100 oC
- Ice - Thickness and Safe Load - Safe loads for clear and solid ice
- Pulleys - Pulleys, blocks and tackles
- Rolling Resistance - Rolling friction and rolling resistance
- Screw Jacks - Screw jacks and effort force
Tag Search
- en: friction coefficients
- es: coeficientes de fricción
- de: Reibwerte
- Download
Thank you for using our software library. Download word 2013 free for mac. Use the link below and download plist Editor for Windows legally from the developer's site.
Often downloaded with
Listerine $2.00 Coupon
- Oxygen Forensic Plist ViewerPlist files, known as Property List XML Files, contain a lot of valuable.$2303DOWNLOAD
- Free Hindi Unicode EditorHindi Unicode Editor is a smart tool for editing and converting the Unicode.DOWNLOAD
- Crypt EditCrypt Edit is one of the most powerful freeware word processors. It is a nice.DOWNLOAD
- muvee Reveal DivX Editionmuvee Reveal DivX Edition Movies don't make themselves. Until now. With.$35.60DOWNLOAD
- Document.EditorDocument.Editor is a multitab .Net/Ribbon UI based text editor for Windows XP.DOWNLOAD